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Paid Content How Hong Kong protects its sea sanctuaries. History Magazine These 3,year-old giants watched over the cemeteries of Sardinia. Archaeologists also found a leather pouch containing a tinder fungus, a scraper, a boring tool, a bone awl and a flint flake. Unlike modern tattoos, these were not made with a needle; instead, fine incisions were made on his skin, and the resulting wound was filled with charcoal.
Researchers do not think the tattoos were decorative; rather, they might have served a little-understood therapeutic or medical purpose, perhaps a form of primitive acupuncture. Researchers speculated as to whether he had fallen into a crevasse, died of exposure to the elements or had simply lost his footing on the treacherous ice and tumbled to his death. The first injury consisted of a flint arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder, a detail that was picked up during an X-ray originally conducted in , as reported by Scientific American.
The second injury was a severe head wound, possibly from a blunt object. At first, researchers debated which injury might have caused his death. But a study published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface revealed that the arrow was the main cause of death. It's possible that he suffered the head wound at the same time as the arrow wound or afterward, Live Science previously reported.
Why he was killed, however, remains a mystery. The mummy provides a window into the life and times of an individual who lived over 5, years ago — a man who lived in a world far removed from our modern era of digital communications, space travel and sophisticated technologies of all kinds.
Yet the clothing he wore and the tools he carried suggest he was acutely adapted to his environment and was well-versed in the plants, animals and technologies of his era. Tom Garlinghouse is a journalist specializing in general science stories. The mummy is much better preserved than more recent bodies found in similar glaciers, underscoring its importance.
Aeolian desiccation may be due to natural or intentional processes. To keep him publicly viewable while minimizing risk of damage and decay is a demanding and costly challenge.
Healed injuries, such as a hand dagger wound and the fatal arrow shot, possibly coupled with a blow to the head, suggest regular warfare and imply the use of different weapons. Daily village life is suggested by ingested cereals, possible cheese residues, and pottery grains mixed in the food, as well as by goat and cattle skin in the associated garments. However, the last meat he ate came from hunted deer and ibex, wild animals that had contributed to other parts of his dress.
He also wore a cap likely made of bearskin. The stone and copper components of these objects precisely match those found in the contemporary graves of the floodplain, but most striking are the preserved, highly refined garments.
The care with which various animal skins of contrasting colors were selected and matched and the elaboration and coordination of the attire point to a complex encoding of role and personal identity. Growing abstraction of power roles might have been a side-effect of the evolution of increasingly formalized political institutions. Over artifacts were scattered around the site where the Iceman was found, including these tools and weapons.
Other Icemen? This map shows the distribution of artifacts over the Iceman site. Blue diamonds: heavier items such as pelt and leather. Black empty stars: intrusive items. Light green area: items displaced during excavation. Otzi is kept at the museum in a special refrigerated cell. The mummy is regularly sprayed with water so it doesn't dehydrate and break down. Otzi's weapons, tools and clothing are on display at the museum, including his copper ax. It is the only one like it in the world.
The Iceman's clothing was well-preserved, considering how long it was exposed to the elements. From top left: A shoe with grass interior left and leather exterior right , the leather coat reassembled by the museum , leather loincloth, grass coat, fur hat, and leather leggings. An assemblage of equipment associated with the Iceman. From left: stone dagger, bows, leather quiver, tinder fungus, birch fungus and birch bark.
Otzi had a bearskin cap that helped keep him warm in the cold, wet climate of the Italian Alps. A new study of his weapons showed that he was able to retouch and resharpen some of them before he died. But it wasn't enough to save him. The Iceman was shot in the shoulder with an arrow. The arrowhead is still lodged in his back and pierced a vital artery that resulted in his death shortly afterward.
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