What do footnotes do

Part II. To flag editions and translations used. Editions and translations usually require a note only when more than one edition or translation is cited. This can be done by placing a note in the text where the work is first referenced. Alternatively, an initial and unnumbered note may be created. To amplify. To justify the scope of your study. Justifying the scope of your study can help readers better understand what to expect from reading your work by specifically pointing to what will or will not be explored, and why.

MLA notes may be styled either as footnotes or endnotes. Endnotes and footnotes in MLA format are indicated in-text by superscript Arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers:. The list of endnotes and footnotes either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below should correspond to the note references in the text.

Do not use the abbreviation ibid. Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a sentence, skip only one space after it. The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document.

If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper. Sometimes you may be asked to include these -- especially if you have used a parenthetical style of citation. A "works cited" page is a list of all the works from which you have borrowed material. Your reader may find this more convenient than footnotes or endnotes because he or she will not have to wade through all of the comments and other information in order to see the sources from which you drew your material.

What do I Include in the Footnote or Endnote? For example: 1. For example: 2. Kay, Art and the German Bourgeoisie , Kay, Art and the German Bourgeoisie, Citing different types of sources The information you include in a footnote varies based on the type of source you cite; navigate to the following pages to learn more: Periodicals Books Sections of Books Digital Media Other Sources Primary Sources Citing a source that you have not read that is Cited in Another Source Key Elements to Notice In footnotes, information is separated by commas, while in the bibliography, it is separated by periods.

In footnotes, the author's first name is listed first, while in the bibliography, the author's last name is listed first. The titles of books and journals are put in italics. Even if your citation style uses parenthetical citation instead of footnotes, you might choose to include footnotes to provide the reader with supplementary information..

For example, MLA footnotes can be used to direct the reader to further relevant sources or add information that could be useful but is not critical to your text. If you wish to include footnotes or endnotes because you want to provide supplementary information, you should consider:. Place the cursor where you would like the superscript number to appear. The superscript number will appear in the text automatically. The corresponding number will be automatically inserted in the footer ready for you to add the footnote citation.

Type in your footnote citation. By default, footnotes will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc, while endnotes will apply Roman numerals, e. Hi, When I write many quotations from the same book at the same page, how will I write footnotes? Am I supposed to rewrite the same footnote? That depends on the specific citation style you're following. In some other styles you might use "ibid. The details depend on the style you're following.

Hi- Can I use Harvard to cite additional information in footnotes? I have information in my dissertation that is not necessary relevant for the main body of literature but might be helpful for the reader to view for further clarification.

I wanted to see if this information could be included in a footnote if I use Harvard citation style. Yes, it's certainly valid to do this when relevant. Just include a footnote number at the relevant point in the text, then a footnote at the bottom of the page providing the additional information.

If you need a citation within the footnote, just present it in the usual format for Harvard in-text citations. The design program I'm using does not allow superscript.